The Brain Topology of Fast Ripples, and their Correlation with Epilepsy

High frequency oscillations (ripples 80-250 Hz and fast ripples 250-600 Hz) have been widely studied in the last decade for their potential role as a more precise biomarker of the seizure onset zone, in particular fast ripples. The hippocampus is the best described brain topology as well as its association with this activity. However, in recent years; several groups have analyzed the association of high frequency activity with extra-temporal epilepsies, which could eventually influence the decision making process in the pre-surgical evaluation ensuring a better outcome in patients suffering from different forms of intractable epilepsy. In this review, the brain topology of fast ripples and several human pre-surgical studies were analyzed using fast ripple activity as an epileptogenic biomarker, also it was reviewed the preferred methods of recording for detecting high frequency oscillations in every case.